Which of the following is NOT identified as a pressure ulcer risk factor?

• A. Immobility
• B. Adequate nutrition
• C. Incontinence
• D. Edema

Answer: (B)

Pressure ulcers form when prolonged pressure exceeds the tissue’s ability to tolerate it, so factors that reduce tissue tolerance or increase exposure raise risk. Immobility prevents shifting to relieve pressure, especially over bony prominences, which makes ulcers more likely. Incontinence brings moisture to the skin, causing maceration and weakening the barrier, plus increased friction. Edema can impair tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, lowering tissue tolerance to pressure. Adequate nutrition, however, supports skin integrity and healing by providing the protein, calories, vitamins, and minerals needed for collagen synthesis and tissue repair; it reduces, rather than increases, risk. Therefore, adequate nutrition is not identified as a pressure ulcer risk factor.